A

a

As in but, Indra, Aditi, [one beat (matra): the sound lasts for one second, short]

Aa

ä

As in father, äçram, gräha, [two beats (matras): the sound lasts for two seconds, long a]

#

i

As in bit, fit, iñöa-devatä, Citrä (short: one matra)

$

é

As in meet, police, lak ñmé, jéva , klém, (long: two matras)

%

u

As in full, put, Uttaraphalguné, Rudra

^

ü

As in boot, bhümi, Sürya, P üñ än, Pürvaphalguné

\

å

The tongue rolls on the on the top of the mouth to make a continuous sustained rrrrrr sound (one matra), B å haspati, åñi, mågaçiras, kåttikä , åg veda

§

è

Same as short but two matras, is created when two words with å combine

¤

lå/ ḷ

The tongue rolls on the top of the mouth to make a continous sustained lllllll sound (one matra), as in kḷpta (engaged, connected)
[ lå Itrans99/ ḷ Itrans2003]

¥

lè/ ḹ

Same as short but two matras

@

e

As in fate, pray, whey, Äçleñä

@e

ai

As in fight, aisle, pie

Aae

o

As in go, ojas,

AaE

au

As in down, hound, cow

A<

aà

Nasal sound that falls between ang and am, a nasal M without closing the lips

A>

aù

Slightly pronouced ha, a vowel (not consonant like h ha), namaù

k

ka

As in kill, kevin, kali, prakäça (to elucidate, illumine)

o

kha

As in bunkhouse, the same ka is said with an added expiration coming from the navel.

g

ga

As in goat, give, bug, gätha (song)

"

gha

As in loghouse, again the same ga as before but with an added apiration at the end coming from the navel center, ghaëöä (bell)

'

ìa

As in xing

c

ca

As in church, cello, chair, Cämuëòa

D

cha

As in coach-horse

j

ja

As in John, Jagannath

H

jha

Apirated Ja

|

ïa

As in single

q

öa

This group of sounds starts with the tongue on the top of the mouth and then the sound is made, this makes the sound cerebral instead of dental

Q

öha

As in Dhaniñöhä, Jyeñöhä, the same ‘öa’ is aspirated

f

òa

This is a cerebral ‘òa’ that starts with the tongue on the top of the mouth

F

òha

As in Uttaräñäòhä

[

ëa

Very similar to a normal na except that the sound starts with the tongue at the roof of the mouth; found in the words Gaëapati, Puräëa

t

ta

Dental ‘ta’ as in table, want

w

tha

Dental ‘ta’ with an aspiration

d

da

Dental ‘da’ as in day, dog,

x

dha

Dental ‘da’ but with an aspiration from the navel, dhé (intelligence), bandha (bound/stuck)

n

na

Dental “na” as in never, nut, neat

p

pa

As in Pat, Pete,

)

pha

Aspirated “pa” as in the name Pam, kapha (phlegm)

b

ba

As in be, cab, imbibe

É

bha

Aspirated ‘ba’ ass in clubhouse

m

ma

As in machine, matter, mokña

y

ya

As in yellow

r

ra

As in red, read, räçi

l

la

As in late, learn,

v

va

As in very, variable,

z

ça

Deep ‘ ça ’ coming from the same place in the throat as the sound ‘cha’. As the word sure, Çukra , Viçäkhä, Açviné, Navämça

;

ña

Cerebral ‘ña’ as in share, shave, bush, Dhaniñöhä, Puñya, Kåñëa

s

sa

Dental ‘sa’ as in send, saint, sever,

h

ha

As in hurry, help, hat

]

kña

This is a common combination in sanskrit the letter k and cerebral ; put together, kñetra,

Ç

tra

Dental t and the half syllable r combine as in trikoëa

}

jïa

The letter j combines with palletal | to be pronouced together as in jïana (spiritual knowledge)

Ï

ddha

Dental d combines with its aspirate x to makes a two matra aspirate ddha sound as in siddha (perfected one), våddhi (to grow/prosper)

*

dya

Dental d combines with half syllable y to make dya as in vidya (knowledge, science)

ï

çra

Palatel z combines with to half syllable r make çra as in Çrém, Çravaëa,

a

ä

i

é

u

ü

å

è

a

aa

I

i

u

U

«

©

e

ai

o

au

am

aù

e

E

ae

aE

<  

>  

ka

kä

ki

ké

ku

kü

kå

kè

k

ka

ik

kI

k…

kª

k«

k©

ke

kai

ko

kau

kaà

kaù

ke

kE

kae

kaE

k<

k>